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Balanced and Unbalanced connections
This article Balanced and Unbalanced connections is available in association with MusicianUniversity.com as part of the audio recording basics access it here (requires course membership)
Most consumer equipment uses unbalanced connections, both for audio inputs and outputs. An unbalanced cable has two parts; a center conductor and a shield; Hot (+) and Ground. A balanced connection goes a step further. A balanced connection runs three conductors, a hot (+), a cold (-), and a ground.
Although unbalanced cable are fine for short distances and as long as they don’t pick up too much noise, balanced cables are always considered better, just not always practical. When you have great lengths of unbalanced cables lying in a studio or on a stage they act like an antenna: the longer the cable, the longer your antenna. Noise from sources like: Radio Frequency (RF), noise from (fluorescent) lighting, CB AM/FM radio transmissions and electric equipment can ‘jump’ on the cable and end up in the signal.
On stage and in a studio balanced connections are always preferred. They are able to reject noise. The extra conductor is used to phase out the noise. It can do this because the signal is transferred differently. The signal is first run through a differential amplifier which splits the hot (+) signal into two. One of them (the -) is reversed 180 degrees out of phase. Now both signals will travel to the next point and both will pick up noise. At the other end the signal has
a hot signal + noise a cold signal + noise
When the signals are put back together the cold signal is reversed again. But the noise on this channel is also reversed and shifted 180 degrees. The hot and cold signal together are the original hot signal. But the noise is canceled out by the 180 phase shifted noise.
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